Thyroid Gland and Functions

The thyroid gland is an important gland in the front of the neck that regulates body metabolism. It produces hormones called T4 (thyroxine) and calcitonin. T4 is converted into the hormone T3 (triiodothyronine) in tissues and regulates cellular functioning in the body. The production of these hormones is controlled by TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) secreted by the pituitary gland.

What is Goiter?

An abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland is called “goiter”. There are various thyroid diseases that cause goiter. When the thyroid gland secretes too much hormone it is called “hyperthyroidism” and when it secretes too little it is called “hypothyroidism”. If hormone levels are normal, this condition is called “euthyroidism”. Abnormal structures in the thyroid gland are called “nodules” and are classified as hot or cold nodules. The presence of nodules may indicate impaired thyroid function.

Thyroid and Heart Health

Thyroid hormones regulate heart rate and blood circulation. Hyperthyroidism can lead to increased heart rate (tachycardia) and irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia). As a result, patients feel palpitations. Excessive use of thyroid hormones can similarly disrupt the heart rhythm. Hypothyroidism causes a slow heartbeat and high cholesterol levels. If left untreated, this can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. Thyroid function tests should be performed during the treatment of heart diseases.

Thyroid and Bone Health

Thyroid diseases can lead to osteoporosis. Especially hyperthyroidism increases the risk of osteoporosis by reducing bone density. Therefore, it is important to follow thyroid patients in terms of bone health.

Thyroid and Menstrual Irregularities

In women, an imbalance of thyroid hormones can disrupt the menstrual cycle. In hypothyroidism, menstrual periods may become longer or more irregular, whereas in hyperthyroidism, menstruation is more frequent and irregular. In this case, thyroid disease should be treated first.

Thyroid and Infertility

Thyroid hormone imbalances can lead to infertility by disrupting ovulation functions in women. In men, sperm motility may be impaired. Thyroid functions should be reviewed during infertility treatment.

Thyroid Diseases in Infants

Thyroid problems in newborn babies may be related to thyroid disorders experienced by the mother during pregnancy. The most common problem is an inability of the thyroid gland to produce enough hormones (neonatal hypothyroidism), which can negatively affect the physical and mental development of the baby. In Turkey, every postnatal baby is screened for thyroid function with a heel prick test and treated with early diagnosis.

Thyroid and Hair, Nail Problems

Lack of thyroid hormones can lead to hair loss, weakened nails and skin problems. In hypothyroidism, hair becomes dull and nails break easily. In hyperthyroidism, excessive hair loss is seen.

Thyroid and Weight Control

Thyroid hormones are one of the main factors regulating metabolism. When the thyroid gland secretes insufficient hormones, metabolism slows down and weight gain is observed. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the thyroid function of patients with weight problems.

Other Symptoms

Thyroid disorders can be manifested by symptoms such as forgetfulness, fatigue, constipation, tendency to depression and joint pains. Therefore, thyroid function tests should be performed when symptoms are observed.